Colorado Hispanic Studies Resource Guide | Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library

Summary:

Colorado—within our state boundaries is land once claimed by Spanish Kings and Mexican governors. Although native people first lived in the region, the first Europeans to visit came from Spain or Mexico. Early Hispanic families moved north from New Mexico to settle in Southern Colorado. Newcomers from Central and South America continue to enrich the State's population.

A Note on Terminology:

The terms Hispanic, Hispano, La Raza, Latino, Chicano, Mexican, Mexican-American, Spanish-American, and others reflect the diverse and dynamic traditions that differentiate members of this ethnic group. As is apparent in the following sections, all of these terms are used hopefully without offense to anyone to relate the history, regional events and politics of Hispanic Colorado over the past 400 years.

Author Bio:

Dana EchoHawk, a graduate student at the University of Colorado Denver, is focusing on American West history including the public history topics of historic preservation, heritage tourism and cultural history. Her graduate degree is complimented by a B.A. in Visual Cultural Journalism and Social Documentary Photography from Metropolitan State College of Denver.

Dana is King Fellow for the Center for Colorado & the West and a Coulter Scholar in Colorado history. In 2009, she was a Koch Fellow at the Colorado Historical Society and in 2010 received the Ward Family Prize in Public History.

Projects:

2010 : Collection and captioning of 500 historic photographs that best depict Latino/Hispanic history in Colorado. The collection is hosted online by the Denver Public Library, Auraria Digital Collection: http://digital.denverlibrary.org. Funding was provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services award, distributed through Colorado State Library.

Project manager for two educational videos titled: "What is Native American History in Colorado?" and "Salvaje y Libra". videos are hosted by the Center for Colorado and the West at Auraria Library: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu/

2011: Collection and captioning of 100 additional historic photographs that depict Latino / Hispanic history in Colorado. The collection is hosted online by the Denver Public Library, Auraria Digital Collection: http://digital.denverlibrary.org/

Project manager/interviewer for four videos focusing on conversations with Hispanic community members about Hispanic history in Colorado. Videos are available online for elementary school teachers for use in teaching about the Hispanic experience in Colorado.

General Info:

The Hispanic Colorado Studies Resource Guide identifies resources providing perspectives on the diverse experiences of Hispanics in Colorado — who they are , where they came from, how they lived, and what they contributed. In collaboration with Hispanic, Chicana/o, and Latino/a scholars, project manager and graduate student Dana EchoHawk produced this annotated list as a beginning point for exploration of a vast subject.

With grant funding from the Kenneth King Foundation and the Colorado State Library's Library Services and Technology Act, King Fellow Dana EchoHawk also collaboratively produced a 600 image digital photography collection and an educational video, Salvaje y Libre, with members of the statewide Hispanic community.

In a further collaboration with the Hispanic community, History Colorado, and Metropolitan State College of Denver, CC &W produced four educational video vignettes . As 'Conversations on History', six community members reveal their own experiences of "who we are", "where we came from", "how we lived in the past", and "what we contributed to the state of Colorado". To view CC & W digital content on Hispanics in Colorado, go to: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu/ and http://history.denverlibrary.org/.

Mary M. Somerville, PhD, Professor, University Librarian, University of Colorado Denver; Director, Auraria Library; and Co-Director, Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library.

Thomas J. Noel, Professor, PhD, History; Director, Public History, Preservation & Colorado Studies, University of Colorado Denver; and Co-Director, Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library.

Cover photo credit: State senator Casimiro Barela and his first wife, Josefita Ortiz Barel and their second daughter, Juanita. Denver Public Library Auraria
Collection. Contributed by Ed Cordova.

Timeline

Colorado Hispanic History Timeline

0 - 1300	Ancestral Pueblo Indians settle southwestern Colorado.
1492	Cristobal Colón (Christopher Columbus) has first contact with the Americas.
1519 - 1521	Conquistador Hernán Cortés leads expedition to the mainland from Cuba, occupies the central valley of Mexico, and defeats the Aztec Empire.
1528 - 1536	Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and companions, survivors of the ill-fated Narváez expedition to Florida, journey through the Southwest seeking return to New Spain.
1540 - 1542	Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain, leads a large expedition to explore the Provincias Internas (modern day New Mexico, Arizona, and Kansas).
1598	Juan de Oñate leads the first Spanish colonizing expedition to northern New Mexico and may have been the first known European to set foot in present day Colorado.
1664	Juan de Archuleta excursion into Colorado to El Quartelejo on the Arkansas River near present day Las Animas
1694	Diego de Vargas followed the Rio Grande and ‘marveled’ at a heard of five hundred buffalo in the San Luis Valley. His journal mentions names of Colorado rivers, creeks and mountains.
1706	Juan de Ulibarrí crosses southeastern Colorado in pursuit of Indians approximately as far as present day Las Animas.
1719	Antonio de Valverde crossed the Raton Mountains.
1720	Pedro de Villasur traveled the Santa Fe Trail past El Quartelejo to the junction of the North and South Platte River and were attacked and killed by Pawnee.
1765	Juan Maria de Rivera explored southwestern Colorado along the San Juan Mountains as far as the Gunnison River near present- day Delta.
1776	The Domínguez - Escalante expedition produces a journal and the first map of Colorado and the Southwest.
1779	New Mexico Provincial Governor Juan Bautista de Anza engages, defeats, and enforces a peace agreement with the Comanches led by Cuerno Verde (Chief Greenhorn) and his warriors near present- day Pueblo, Colorado.
1803	Louisiana Purchase.
1806	Zebulon Pike explores the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, enters Spanish territory illegally, and is captured by Spanish soldiers.
1819	Adams- Onís Treaty defines Spanish Colorado as the area south of the Arkansas and west of its headwaters.
1820s	Mountain men and Trappers move into Colorado.
1821	Mexican Independence from Spain.
1822 - 1880	Santa Fe Trail crosses Colorado linking a trade route between Santa Fe, New Mexico and western Missouri.
1833	Bent’s Fort established on the Arkansas River dividing the U.S. from Mexico.
1835	Fort Vásquez is founded by Louis Vásquez and Andrew Sublette near current day Platteville, Colorado.
1842	El Pueblo Trading Post founded on the Arkansas River, which promotes trade between Native Americans and Euro- Americans.
1843	Governor Manuel Armijo approves multiple land grant partitions within the border of modern Colorado. (Tierra Amarilla; Conejos; Maxwell (also known as Beaubien and Miranda); Vigil and Ceran St. Vrain (also known as the Las Animas); Nolan; Sangre de Cristo; Luis Maria Baca No. 4)
1845 - 1848	U.S. - Mexican War.
1848	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes northern third of Mexico to U.S. but in theory guarantees former Mexican citizens the right to their land, language, and religion.
1850	New Mexico becomes a U.S. Territory (includes current day Colorado, Utah and Arizona). It remains a territory for 62 years, the longest of any territory.
1851	San Luis established as first permanent Hispano town in Colorado.
1854	Ute warriors attack El Pueblo.
1857	Mexicans find gold in the South Platte River in present- day Denver at Mexican Diggings.
1858	Russell Party discovers gold in Cherry Creek and the South Platte, triggering the great Colorado gold rush.
1861	Colorado becomes a U.S. territory.
1862	Felipe Baca establishes the town of Trinidad.
1876	Colorado becomes a state.
1891	U.S. Congress authorized settlement of the land grant claims by the Court of 9 Private Land Claims.
1910	The Great Western Sugar Company recruits Hispanic workers to work in northern Colorado.
1914	Ludlow coal strike on April 20, 1914
1914 - 1918	World War I.
1917	Immigration Act of 1917 (allows massive influx of Mexican migrant workers).
1930s	The Great Depression.
1936	Governor “Big” Ed Johnson declares martial law at the New Mexico border to hold back ‘hordes’ of migrant workers.
1941 - 1945	World War II.
1960s	Crusade for Justice and other Chicano rights organizations founded in Denver.
1976	Rubén Valdéz first Hispano Speaker of the House in the Colorado General Assembly.
1978	First Hispanic woman senator, Polly Baca- Barragán elected to the Colorado State Legislature
1983	Federico Peña elected as Denver’s first Hispanic mayor.
2002	Colorado Supreme Court rules that descendants of the original settlers of the Sangre de Cristo Grant had the right to the traditional uses of access from grazing, firewood, and timber on communal land that had become part of the Taylor Ranch.
2005	Ken Salazar elected to U.S. Senate and his brother John to the U.S. House of Representatives.
2009	Kenneth Lee “Ken” Salazar is confirmed as U.S. Secretary of the Interior.
2010	2010: Hispanics Comprise 20.3 % of Colorado’s population as by far the largest ethnic group.

Overview

Colorado Hispanic/Latino Historical Overview

Colorado has a rich and unique Hispanic heritage. Spanish exploration and prospecting in Colorado was more frequent than the records reveal. Between 1540 and 1542, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, a Spanish explorer looking for the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola, may have crossed into Colorado. Old Spanish records indicate that as far back as 1598 Juan de Oñate reported gold discoveries in the San Luis Valley. These early Spanish expeditions usually traveled trails that Native Americans before them had worn into the deserts, plains and mountains. Native American typically also served as guides to European explorers.

On April 30, 1598, during Juan de Oñate’s expedition north from Mexico up the Rio Grande del Norte, he claimed all of that river’s drainage for Spain. The Adams-Oñis Treaty of 1819 between Spain and the United States more precisely defined, Spanish Territory in present day Colorado as everything south of the Arkansas River and west of a line running due north from the Arkansas River Headwaters on Fremont Pass up to the 102nd parallel.

Juan de Archuleta led a Spanish excursion into what in now Colorado in 1664. Following an unknown route, he chased runaway Taos Pueblo Indians to El Quartelejo, an Apache settlement on the Arkansas River near present day Las Animas. The first traceable Spanish expedition into Colorado came in 1694 when Diego de Vargas, the governor of New Mexico, followed the Rio Grande to a tributary, Culebra Creek. Vargas skirmished with Ute Indians, marveled at a herd of five hundred buffalo in the San Luis Valley, and left a journal in which he mentioned the names of Colorado rivers, creeks, and mountains, indicating that the Spanish had already explored parts of southern Colorado.

In 1706, Juan de Ulibarrí and forty soldiers traveled north to the Arkansas River, skirting the Spanish Peaks. Like Archuleta, Ulibarrí headed for El Quartelejo, the Apache settlement that had become a haven for Pueblo Indians fleeing Spanish rule. Ulibarrí claimed the Rio Grande and 11 Arkansas drainages for King Philip V of Spain. In officially claiming "the province of San Luis," Ulibarri's party first sang the Te Deum Laudamus, then he made a speech, cut the air in all four directions with his sword, and presided over a discharge of guns.

Antonio de Valverde, governor of New Mexico, became the next known official visitor in 1719. He crossed the Raton Mountains and headed for El Quartelejo, where he apparently failed to build a planned fort and mission. In the following year Pedro de Villasur set out from Santa Fe with forty-five Spanish soldiers and about sixty Indian allies. Pushing beyond El Quartelejo into unknown territory, Villasur's party explored the South Platte River, which he named the Rio Jesus y Maria. They camped near the junction of the North and South Platte rivers, where Pawnees, encouraged by the French, surprised the camp at dawn, killing Villasur and all but thirteen of his party.

Juan Maria de Rivera became the first recorded explorer of southwestern Colorado in 1765. Rivera skirted the San Juan Mountains and got as far as the Gunnison River near present-day Delta, where his troop carved a cross, a name, and the date into a tree. Rivera reported finding silver in what are still called the La Plata Mountains. Hoping for an overland link between her New Mexico settlements and those in California, Spain sought to establish a route between Santa Fe and the West Coast. To this end, two Franciscan priests, Fathers Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, set out from Santa Fe in 1776 for Monterey, the Spanish capital of California. In their ten-man party was Captain Bernardo y Pacheco Miera, an engineer and artist, who drew the first surviving, detailed map of Colorado [see Figure 1]. In his honor, a particularly spectacular and craggy canyon of the Dolores River was christened El Laberinto de Miera (Miera’s labyrinth) because he found a way through it. The Domínguez -Escalante party followed more or less Rivera's route along the Dolores, San Miguel and Uncompahgre rivers to the Gunnison River. Pushing westward into modern Utah, they reached Utah Lake but the approaching winter blizzards and formidable mountain ranges still ahead inspired them to abandon their California goal. They returned to Santa Fe via the Grand Canyon. Escalante's diary and Captain Miera's map made this the most important Spanish expedition into Colorado and gave the world the first detailed map and description of western Colorado.

MIERA’S MAP OF WESTERN COLORADO FOR THE DOMINGUEZ ESCALANTE EXPIDITION

FIGURE 1: MIERA’S MAP OF WESTERN COLORADO FOR THE DOMINGUEZ ESCALANTE EXPIDITION. CREDIT, DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY

In 1779 New Mexico Governor Juan Bautista de Anza led 645 men on the last major Spanish thrust into Colorado. Marching through the San Luis Valley and over Poncha Pass, Anza's army then turned east to corner Chief Cuerno Verde (Green Horn) and his Comanches, whom they routed on what is still called Greenhorn Creek. Other Spanish and Mexican expeditions have gone unrecorded in a state that Hispanics were the first Europeans to explore, map, write about and settle. As the Spanish advanced into the northern frontier to trade with the Ute, they began use of a trail that in 1844, John C. Fremont labeled the Spanish Trail. As the Santa Fe Trail crossed to the east to establish trade from Santa Fe with the Americans, the Old Spanish Trail started out as a trade route to the west connecting Santa Fe with Los Angeles. Old wagon ruts can still be seen in the southern part of the state, evidence of Spain’s early occupation.

After winning independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico grew concerned about protecting its northernmost territory, where it faced not only hostile Native Americans, but aggressive United States citizens who had erected Bent's Fort just across the Arkansas River, the border between U.S. territory and Mexico. To reinforce Mexican claims to what is now part of Colorado; Gov. Manuel Armijo of New Mexico made land grants to attract settlers.

MEXICAN LAND GRANTS

FIGURE 2: MEXICAN LAND GRANTS, FROM THOMAS J. NOEL ET.AL HISTORICAL ATLAS OF COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS.

The Tierra Amarilla Grant along the upper Chama River went to Manuel Martinez, his eight sons, and several associates. Most of the area lay in New Mexico, but a small wedge protruded into parts of what became Archuleta and Conejos counties in Colorado.

The Conejos Grant was awarded at the request of citizens of Taos County, New Mexico. The large grant covered much of the western half of the San Luis Valley, including Conejos and Rio Grande counties in Colorado and some of New Mexico. An 1843 attempt to settle on the Conejos River was frustrated by hostile Utes. Not until 1854 did the town he town of Guadalupe become established. Later it was absorbed by the town of Conejos just across the Conejos River on higher, less flooded ground.

The Maxwell Grant (also known as the Beaubien and Miranda) was awarded to Charles Beaubien and Guadalupe Miranda. Lucien B. Maxwell, a son-in-law of Charles Beaubien, gained control of this vast New Mexico estate, which included a slice of the future Las Animas County in Colorado. This huge grant extended from the crest of the Sangre de Cristo Range eastward for around 50 miles and as far south as Taos, New Mexico.

The grant to Cornelio Vigil and Ceran St. Vrain covered four million acres that stretched from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains on the west to the Purgatoire River on the east, and from the Arkansas River on the north to Trinidad on the south. Cornelio Vigil was a judge in Taos. Ceran St. Vrain, a trapper and trader born a U.S. citizen in St. Louis, became a naturalized Mexican. Charles Autobees, James Beckwourth, William Bent, Thomas 0. Boggs, Christopher “Kit” Carson, Joseph B. Doyle, Lucien B. Maxwell, and Felix St. Vrain were among the early settlers on the Vigil and St. Vrain Grant, building adobe towns such as Greenhorn (1846), Hardscrabble (1840), and Pueblo (1842).

The Nolan Grant to Gervasio Nolan, a French-Canadian living in Taos, was made by Governor Armijo a few days after the Vigil and St. Vrain grants. This tract of more than half a million acres stretched from the Arkansas River southwest of Pueblo to the Wet Mountains on the east where it adjoined the Vigil and St. Vrain Grant. Nolan, an illiterate frontiersman, began planting corn on his grant in the 1840s, but he may have been a front man for Cornelio Vigil, who was legally entitled to only one claim.

The Sangre de Cristo Grant, presented by Governor Armijo to Stephen Luis Lee and Narciso Beaubien, stretched from the crest of the Sangre de Cristo range westward to the Rio Grande, embracing all of what is now Costilla County and some of northern New Mexico. Although Lee and Beaubien, two residents of Taos, did not settle on their grant, others did. The town of San Luis, the oldest permanent town in Colorado, was established there in 1851. San Luis still uses its 1852 communal water ditch and La Vega, a 600-acre public commons.

The Luís María Baca Grant No. 4 in the San Luis Valley was made in 1860 when the U.S. government gave the 100,000-acre site to the Baca family in exchange for some of the original Baca Grant in New Mexico. The original New Mexico Vegas Grande Grant was issued to Luis Maria Cabeza de Baca and his seventeen sons in 1823.

These Mexican land grants suffered various fates after 1848, when Mexico surrendered this territory to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War. Although the treaty guaranteed property rights of Mexican settlers, much land was stripped away from the original owners. Complex and controversial circumstances surrounded the disposition of these vast grants. United States courts cast doubt upon the claims by citing an 1824 Mexican law forbidding government grants larger than eleven square leagues (a square league was about 4,400 acres). All of these Mexican grants were larger than that and thus could be construed as illegal. Under the terms of the original grants, settlement had to take place within a specified number of years or ownership would revert to the government. Thus lack of settlement became another legal cloud.

Many of the original grantees were dead or no longer had written records of their grants by 1891, when the U.S. Congress authorized settlement of the land grant claims by the Court of Private Land Claims. This court threw out the Conejos grant, declaring that the land had not been settled within the time specified by the terms of the grant. The Vigil and St. Vrain grant was reduced from over 4 million acres to 97,390.95 acres in an 1860 U.S. court decision, which was upheld in 1898. The Maxwell, Sangre de Cristo, and Baca claims were upheld, but the Nolan grant was reduced to eleven square leagues (48,700 acres).

Within the grants, individual settlers struggled to keep smaller lots. Sometimes U.S. courts threw out their claims for lack of written proof of ownership, a formality more important under U.S. than Mexican law. Other Mexican-American pioneers were able to retain their property, but the land-grabbing legacy of conquest causes ill feeling to this day.

A century and a half of judicial assaults on Mexican land grants ended on June 24, 2002 when the Colorado Supreme Court ruled, by a four to two vote, that descendants of the original settlers the Sangre de Cristo Grant had the right to the traditional uses of access for grazing, firewood, and timber but not for fishing, hunting, and recreation on the communal land that had become part of the Taylor Ranch. North Carolina timber baron Jack Taylor purchased 77,500 acres of the Sangre de Cristo Grant in 1960 and fenced off locals pursing traditional grazing, hunting, wood gathering and other communal uses.

Life changed for Spanish speaking farmers and ranchers after railroads arrived in Colorado in the 1870s. Along with the railroad came English-speaking settlers who influenced economic and political change. Poorer Hispanics from the southern part of the state often migrated to work in the northern Colorado mines, in the steel mills of Pueblo, and to work in the sugar beet industry. Hispanos often served in the U.S. military during the Indian Wars and the Civil War at Glorietta and Valverde. After returning from World War I and World War II, Hispanic servicemen increasingly moved their families from rural agricultural locations into the larger urban centers of Denver, Pueblo, Greeley and Ft. Collins. Many moved into neighborhoods such as southwest Denver’s Auraria.

In the 1960s, Chicano rights organizations were founded in Colorado and leaders like Corky Gonzales and Richard Castro emerged bringing a new contemporary Hispanic history to Colorado. Growing Latino clout led to the elections of Federico Peña as mayor of Denver (1983-1991), Ken Salazar as U. S. Senator (2005-2009) and U.S. Secretary of the Interior (2009-present) and John Salazar as U.S. Representative (2005-2010).

The 2010 U.S. Census confirms that Hispanics are the largest and one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in Colorado. Roughly one out of every five Coloradans is Hispanic , one out of every three Denverites, and one out of two residents of the San Luis Valley. As the first and the largest group on non-natives to settle Colorado, their story is essential to the history of the highest state.

Publications

Spanish Exploration

Athearn, Frederic J. A Forgotten Kingdom: The Spanish Frontier in Colorado and New Mexico, 1540-1821. Denver: U.S. Dept of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1992. xi + 194 p., index, bibliography. chapter endnotes. photos. drawings. Maps (Cultural Resource Series Number 29)

Bannon, John Francis. The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513-1821. Maps researched and drawn by Ronald L. Ives. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. x + 308p., illus. maps. photos. (Histories of the American Frontier).

Blakeslee, Donald J. Along Ancient Trails: The Mallet Expedition of 1739. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1995. xviii + 291 p., index, references, appendices, maps, photos, hardback.

Bolton, Herbert E. Escalante, Silvestre. Pageant in the Wilderness: The Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin, 1776, including the Diary and Itinerary of Father Escalante. Trans. and annotated by Herbert E. Bolton. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1950. 265p., index. bibliography. footnotes. photos. maps.. Also pub. as Utah Historical Quarterly, v. 18. Endpaper foldout map.

Briggs, Walter. Without Noise of Arms: The 1776 Dominguez-Escalante Search for a Route from Santa Fe to Monterey. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press, 1975. 224p., illus. maps.

Carson, Phil. Across the Northern Frontier : Spanish Explorations in Colorado. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1998. xviii + 254p., index. bibliography. endnotes. chronology. photos. maps. glossary. Available Online: books.google.com/books Accessed June 5, 2010).

Cerquone, Joseph. In Behalf of The Light: The Dominguez and Escalante Expedition of 1776. Washington, D.C.: American Revolution Bicentennial Committee, 1976. 32 p., illus. maps.

Colville, Ruth Marie. La Vereda: A Trail ThroughTime. Alamosa, CO, San Luis Valley Historical Society, 1996. xxxiv + 365 p., sources. photos. maps. endpaper pocket map.

Escalante, Silvestre. The Dominguez Escalante Journal. Trans. by Fray Angelico Chavez. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young Univ Press, 1976. 203p., endnotes. bibliography. photos. maps.

Kessler, Ron, Anza’s 1779 Comanche Campaign, 2nd Ed. Monte Vista, CO, Adobe Village Press, 2001. 98 p., bibliography. A copy of the Spanish Journal, from Mexico City, that was kept by Anza's scribe as well as a new English translation.

Kessler, Ron. Old Spanish Trail North Branch and Its Travelers. Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press, 1998. 384 p., index. endnotes. bibliography and suggested readings. maps. photos.

Murphy, Lawrence R. Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell: Napoleon of the Southwest. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983. 275p., index. bibliography. endnotes. illus. maps.

Rehyner, Ken. Wilderness Wanderers: The1776 Expedition of Domínguez & Escalante. Montrose: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2003. Vii, 174 p., endnotes. bibliography. maps. photos. drawings.

Thomas, Alfred Barnaby. After Coronado: Spanish Exploration Northeast of New Mexico, 1696-1727: Documents from the Archives of Spain, Mexico, and New Mexico. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935. xii + 307p index. bibliography. endnotes. map.

Velez de Escalante, Silvestre. The Dominguez-Escalante Journal: Their Expedition Through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776. Trans. by Fray Angelico Chavez. Provo, UT: Brigham Young Univ. Press, 1976. 203p., bibliography. glossary. illus. map.

Mexican Land Grants In What Becomes Colorado

Note: Land Grants are often mislabeled as Spanish land grants. Land grants established after Mexico's independence in 1821 are "Mexican Land Grants"

Ebright, Malcolm. Land Grants and Lawsuits in Northern New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. xiv + 399 p., illus. maps. bibliography. index.

Morrow, William W., Herbert Oliver Brayer, and Alianza Federal de las Mercedes. The Mexican American. New York: Arno Press, 1974. 381 p., endnotes, photos, maps, index, bibliography Reprint s of Spanish and Mexican private land grants, by W.W. Morrow, first published in 1923 by Bancroft-Whitney, San Francisco; William Blackmore: The Spanish-Mexican Land Grants of New Mexico and Colorado, first published in Denver, 1949 and Spanish Land Grant Question Examined,first published in 1969 in Albuquerque at The University of New Mexico Library.

Van Ness, John R., and Christine M. Van Ness, Spanish & Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico and Colorado. Manhattan, Kan.: Sunflower University Press, 1980. 119 p., photos, maps, illus., chapter notes, index.

Westphall, Victor. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1983. xviii + 356 p., illus, index. bibliography.

Selected Hispanic Studies

Acuña, Rodolfo. Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. 6th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. xii + 475 p., index. chapter endnotes. maps.

Acuña, Rodolfo, and Guadalupe Compean. Voices of the U.S. Latino Experience. 3 vols, The American Mosaic. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2008. 1253 p., three volumes. index. bibliography. More than 400 primary documents are referenced and placed in historical and cultural context .

Aldama, Arturo, Elisa Facio, Daryl Maeda, Reiland Rabaka, ed. Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado. CO: University Press of Colorado, 2011. xvx+ 406 p. Index. references. photos. maps. drawings.

Archuleta, Ruben E. Land of the Penitentes, Land of Tradition. Edited by Joe T. Ulibarri. Pueblo West, CO: El Jefe, 2003. xxi + 258p., foreword by Ken Salazar. illus. photos. Map, Glossary, Bibliography, index.

Ayer, Eleanor H. Hispanic Colorado. Frederick, CO: Jende-Hagan Bookcorp, 1982. (The Colorado Chronicles: Volume 4 ) 48 p., drawings, maps, photos, maps.

Beers, Henry Putney. Spanish & Mexican Records of the American Southwest : A Bibliographical Guide toarchive and manuscript sources. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1979. 493 p., index, bibliography.

Bills, Garland D., and Neddy A. Vigil. The Spanish Language of New Mexico and Southern Colorado : A Linguistic Atlas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2008. 383 p., appendix, maps.

Brooks, James, and Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture. Captives & Cousins : Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill, NC: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, University of North Carolina Press, 2002. [xii], 416 p., maps, illus., tables, endnotes, chronology, glossary, appendix, index.

C. de Baca, Vincent, editor. La Gente: Hispano History and Life in Colorado. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado and the Colorado Historical Society, 1999. xix + 294 p., index. bibliography. endnotes. photos. maps. tables. Thirteen authors chronicle Hispanic women, art, labor, rug-making, militants, cultural landscapes and other topics.

Campa, Arthur L. Hispanic Folklore Studies of Arthur Campa, The Chicano Heritage. New York: Arno Press, 1976. 605 p., bibliography. Includes a bibliography of Spanish folk-lore, a discussion of the Spanish folksong in the Southwest, Spanish religious folk theatre and sayings and riddles in New Mexico.

Campa, Arthur L., and American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Teaching Hispanic Culture through Folklore, Eric Focus Reports on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. New York, N.Y.: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages : [distributed by] MLA/ACTFL Materials Center, 1968. 11 p., footnotes, suggested readings. The possible role of proverbs, folk songs, folk games, and folk dances in instruction is discussed.

Cobos, Rubén. A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish. Rev. & expanded ed. Santa Fe, N.M.: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2003. xviii + 189 p., bibliography, map.

Conover, Ted. Coyotes : A Journey through the Secret World of America's Illegal Aliens. 1st ed, Vintage Departures. New York: Vintage Books, 1987. xix + 264 p.

Crusada Para La Justica (Crusade for Justice). Denver, CO; Joaquin Publications, 1977. 258 p., photos. drawings.

de Onís, José, editor. The Hispanic Contribution to the State of Colorado. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1976. xxii + 232 p., index. selected bibliography. Fourteen chapters by various leading scholars.

Deutsch, Sarah. No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940. NY: Oxford University Press, 1987. 356p., index. bibliography. endnotes. maps.

Donato, Rubén. Mexicans and Hispanos in Colorado Schools and Communities, 1920-1960. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. 190 p., endnotes, bibliography, index.

Dulle, Ronald J. Tracing the Santa Fe Trail: Today’s Views, Yesterday’s Voices. Forward by Leo E. Oliva. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2011. 180 color photos, 2 maps, notes, bibliography, index. 192 pages.

Echevarria, Evelio and Jose Otero, editors. Hispanic Colorado: Four Centuries: History and Heritage. Ft. Collins, CO: Centennial Publications, 1976. 206 p., bibliography. footnotes. Map, photos. drawings. 39 short chapters by various authors.

Espinosa, Aurelio Macedonio, J. Manuel Espinosa, and NetLibrary Inc. The Folklore of Spain in the American Southwest Traditional Spanish Folk Literature in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. xiii + 310 p., index. bibliography. endnotes. photos. appendices.

Garcia, Nasario. !Chistes!: Hispanic Humor of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. Foreword by John Nichols. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2011.

Gonzales, Rodolfo. I Am Joaquin: Yo Soy Joaquin: An Epic Poem. With a Chronology of People and Events in Mexican and Mexican American History, N.Y.: Bantam Books, 1967, 1972 expanded edition. 122 p., 36 photos. 16 drawings.

Gould, Richard, and Colorado Historical Society. The Life and Times of Richard Castro : [Bridging a Cultural Divide], Colorado History. Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society, 2007. vi + 279 p., photos, endnotes, bibliography, index.

Kessler, Ron. Old Spanish Trail North Branch and its Travelers. Santa Fe, NM. 1998. Paperback. 351 p., illus, photos, maps, appendices, notes, bibliography, index.

Kuebler, Jose L. Guardiola, Xochilt Araceli Diaz, ed’s. Where the Rivers Meet: The Story of Auraria, Colorado Through our Eyes. Community College of Denver, Denver, Colorado, 1991. 79 p., photos. An oral history by former residents of Denver’s Westside neighborhood. Includes Book Two: The Westside Oratorio. The script and songs of a folkdrama community play telling the story of Denver’s Hispanic immigrant story. 34 p., photos.

Kutsche, Paul. The Survival of Spanish American Villages, The Colorado College Studies No. 15. Colorado Springs: Research Committee, Colorado College, 1979. 124 p., chapter notes, bibliography. Contains 9 essays on Hispanic villages in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.

Lecompte, Janet. Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: The Upper Arkansas, 1832-1856. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. xii + 354p., index. endnotes. selected sources. appendices. illus. maps. Available Online: books.google.com/books. Accessed June 5, 2010.

Lopez, Jody, Gabriel Lopez, and Peggy A. Ford. White Gold Laborers: The Story of Greeley’s Spanish Colony. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2007. Photos, maps, appendices, bibliography, index. xi + 320 pages. .

López, José Timotéo. The History of the Mutal Protection Society of the United Workers. University of Michigan Library Repository. 95 p., Spanish language. Determined in the public domain. For digital version, contact the HathiTrust: hathitrust-help@umich.edu.

Lopez, Lino M. Colorado: Latin American Personalities. Denver, CO: A.M. Printing Company, 1959. 76 p., index. photos.

Lopez, Jody L., Gabriel López. From Sugar to Diamonds: Spanish/Mexican Baseball 1925-1969: Stories of the Greeley Grays and the Teams that Dared to Challenge Them. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2009. 436 p., photos. History of Hispanic baseball teams in northern Colorado.

Martin, Patricia Preciado. Songs My Mother Sang to Me : An Oral History of Mexican American Women. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992. xxv + 224 p., illus., index.

May, William John. The Great Western Sugarlands : The History of the Great Western Sugar Company and the Economic Development of the Great Plains, Garland Studies in Entrepreneurship. New York: Garland Pub., 1989. 471 p., bibliography, index.

Meier, Matt S., and Feliciano Ribera. Mexican Americans, American Mexicans: From Conquistadors to Chicanos. Rev. ed, American Century Series. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. 305 p., maps, bibliography, index.

Preston, Douglas J., Christine Preston, José Antonio Esquibel. The Royal Road: El Camino Real from Mexico City to Santa Fe. NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. 178p.

Quintana, Frances Leon. Los Primeros Pobladores : Hispanic Americans of the Ute Frontier. 2nd rev. ed. Aztec, N.M.: F.L. Quintana, 1991. xxiii, 262 p., illus., bibliography. This is a revised edition of Los Primeros Pobladores: Hispanic Americans of the Ute Frontier.

Rodriguez, Richard. Days of Obligation : An Argument with My Mexican Father. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. xix + 230 p., originally published: New York, N.Y: Viking, 1992.

Rivera, José A. Acequia Culture : Water, Land, and Community in the Southwest. 1st ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. ssvi + 243 p., illus., maps, index, bibliography. Jose Rivera presents the contemporary case for the value of acequias (ditches) and the communities they nurture in the river valleys of southern Colorado and New Mexico.

Rivera, José A. La Socieda: Guardians of Hispanic Cultural Along the Rio Grande. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2010. xx + 190p. index. bibliography. glossary. endnotes. photographs by Daniel Salazar.

Romero-Anderson, J. Emerita. José Dario Gallegos : Merchant of the Santa Fe Trail, A Now You Know Bio. Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2007. 49 p., illus., maps, index, bibliography. The biography of Jose Dario Gallegos. Dario established the first store in the San Luis Valley.

Sánchez, Virginia. Forgotten Cuchareños of the Lower Valley. SC: Charleston, The History Press, 2011. 167 p. index. bibliography. endnotes. photos. drawings. maps.

Thorpe, Helen. Just Like Us: The True Story of Four Mexican Girls Coming of Age in America. New York, NY: Scribner, 2009. 387 p.

Vigil, Ernesto B. The Crusade for Justice: Chicano Militancy and the Government's War on Dissent. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. xii + 487p., index. endnotes. photos.

Vigil, Phillip Arnold. Early Roads to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains: An Historical Journal of the Vigil Family from Spain to the American Southwest. Cheyenne, WY. Las Placitos Publications, 2010. vii + 340p. index. photos. bibliography.

Villarreal, Ramon Francisco. Recuerdos de mi Barrio. Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2008. 166 p., endnotes.

Weigle, Marta. Brothers of Light, Brothers of Blood: The Penitentes of the Southwest. Santa Fe, N.M.: Ancient City Press, 1989. xix, 300 p., [12[ p., of plates, illus., maps, index. bibliography.

Genealogy

CREDIT: WEDDING PARTY OF FELIX GALLEGOS AND FLORENCE TORRES, 1934 DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY MAGDALENA GALLEGOS

Byers, Paula K. Hispanic American Genealogical Sourcebook, Genealogy Sourcebook Series. New York: Gale Research, 1995. 250 p., index, bibliography.

Colorado Society of Hispanic Genealogy. Hispanic Pioneers in Colorado and New Mexico. Limited ed. Denver, CO: Colorado Society of Hispanic Genealogy, 2006. 330 p., index, photos.

Platt, Lyman De. Hispanic Surnames and Family History. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1996. 350 p., bibliography, index. Examines the development of Spanish surnames in Latin America and the Hispanic United States.

Art and Architecture

Adams, Robert Hickman. The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press & The Colorado Historical Society, 1974, 1998 reprint by University Press of Colorado with Net Library Inc. vi + 234. bibliography. appendix. 85 b & w photos by Robert Adams.

Denver Art Museum., and Mary Jane Downing. Santos of the Southwest : The Denver Art Museum Collection. Denver: Lithography by A. B. Hirschfeld Press, 1969. 70 p., photos, bibliography. Includes text and photographs of Santos in the Southwest and discussion of Christian art and symbolism, Saints and folk art.

Campa, Arthur L. Hispanic Culture in the Southwest. 1st ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979. xii + 316p., index. endnotes. bibliography. photos. maps. drawings. Campa, a DU professor, devoted over half of the book to the historical evolution of Hispanic peoples in the Southwest, with several chapters to cultural aspects such as arts and crafts, music, dance, foods, religious beliefs, and values. Two chapters on Colorado.

Farago, Claire, Kelly Donahue-Wallace, Donna Pierce, Jose Antonio Esquibel, Marianne L. Stoller. Transforming Images: New Mexican Santos In-between Worlds. PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. 355p.

CREDIT: SANTOS AT SANGRE DE CRISTO PARISH CHURCH, SAN LUIS, COLORADO PHOTOGRAPHER: DANA ECHOHAWK, 2006.

Feinberg, John, Ellen T. Ittelson, and Fort Collins (Colo.). Planning and Development Dept. Architecture and History of Holy Family Neighborhood: Fort Collins, Colorado, Neighborhood History Project. Boulder, Colo.: Community Services Collaborative, 1983. 33 p., illus., bibliography.

Mills, George. The People of the Saints. Colorado Springs: Taylor Museum, 1967. 71pEndnotes, Selected bibliography. 32 color plates. Covers the Hispanic people of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado and the religious images that they have painted (retablos) and carved (bultos) since 1700.

Simmons, Marc, and Frank Turley, Southwestern Colonial Ironwork: The Spanish Blacksmithing Tradition from Texas to California, Series in Southwestern Culture. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1980. xvi, 199 p illus., index, bibliography. Museum of New Mexico Press series in Southwestern culture. Discusses the Spanish blacksmithing tradition from Texas to California.

Steele, Thomas J. Santos and Saints: The Religious Folk Art of Hispanic New Mexico. [Rev. ed. Santa Fe, N.M.: Ancient City Press, 1994. viii, 207 p., illus., index, bibliography.

Wroth, William, Images of Penance, Images of Mercy: Southwestern Santos in the Late Nineteenth Century. 1st ed. Norman: Published for Taylor Museum for Southwestern Studies, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, by University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. xvii, 196 p., illus., index. bibliography.

Valdez, Arnold Anthony. Hispanic Vernacular Architecture and Settlement Patterns of the Culebra River Villages of Southern Colorado, 1850-1950. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Architecture, M.A. dissertation, 1992.

San Luis Valley

Armstrong, Ruth W. Promised Land : A History of the Sangre De Cristo Land Grant. New York: Forbes, 1978. 93 p., illus., index, bibliography.

Bean, Luther E. Land of the Blue Sky People : A Story of the San Luis Valley. 4th ed. Alamosa, CO: Printed by Ye Olde Print Shoppe, 1975121 p., illus., index. Describes the geography, history, people and culture of the San Luis Valley.

Gallegos, Phillip. “Spanish-American Churchscapes: The San Luis Valley." Avante Garde: Journal of Theory and Criticism in Architecture and the Arts. Denver, CO: School of Architecture and Planning, University of Colorado at Denver, Summer 1990. 72-93 pp, photos, Drawings, References, Appendices, bi-annual publication. Focus is primarily on Conejos County.

Hettinga, Kathy T. Grave Images: San Luis Valley. Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2009. 180 p. color photos. Appendices. bibliography.

Johnston, Dick. The Taylor Ranch War: Property Rights Die. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2006. xv + 351 p., index. photos.

Payne, R. Bailón, Marianne L. Stoller, and Colorado Historical Society. Upper Rio Grande Legacy Collection. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1996. xi + 357 p., illus., maps, bibliography.

Petty, Hazel B. Valley Reflections: A History and Stories of the San Luis Valley. Alamosa, CO, San Luis Valley Historical Society, 1982. Stories and illustrations.

Simmons, Virginia McConnell. The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1979, second edition 1999. 366p., map, photos, index.

Souvenir of the San Luis Valley, including a History of Monte Vista and the Surrounding Country, Covering Alamosa, Manassa, La Jara, Conejos, Antonito, Creede, Del Norte [and] Center. Monte Vista, CO: Monte Vista Journal, 1906. 86 p., illus. photos.

Spencer, Frank Clarence. The Story of the San Luis Valley. Alamosa, CO: Alamosa Journal, 1925. 83 p., illus. photos.

Sunny San Luis: A Complete Description of This Great Agricultural Empire, with Illus. of the Methods of Irrigation. Denver, CO: Pub. under the auspices of the San Luis Valley Association, 1889. 1889. 49 p., illus. map.

Teeuwen, Randall, and San Luis Museum Cultural and Commercial Center, La Cultura Constante De San Luis, San Luis. CO: San Luis Museum Cultural and Commercial Center, 1985. 39 p., illus. maps, plans, bibliography.

Tushar, Olibama López. The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Colonials in the San Luis Valley. 3rd ed. Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 1997.; first edition 1976 self published. 155p, illus.

White, F. Amadeo. La Garita: Growing Up In and About the San Luis Valley: Perspectives, Mystery, History, Intrigue. Denver, CO: Self-published, 2007. Photos.

Alamosa County

Carter, Carrol Joe. Rocky Mountain Religion: A History of Sacred Heart Parish, Alamosa, Colorado. Alamosa, CO: Sangre de Cristo Printing, 1976. 106 p., illus. photos. drawings.

Feitz, Leland. Alamosa: The San Luis Valley’s Big City. Intro. by Alex J. Chavez. Colorado Springs, CO: Little London Press, 1976. 56 p., photos, drawings. map. bibliography.

CREDIT: SAN LUIS INSTITUTE GENERAL VOCATIONAL PROGRAM, ALAMOSA, COLORADO 1953. JOSEPH C. JAQUEZ IS SECOND FROM THE LEFT. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY NEILSON LIBRARY, ADAMS STATE COLLEGE, ALAMOSA, COLORADO.

Conejos County

Conejos River, Antonito, Colorado. La Jara, CO: La Jara Gazette, 1960. 20 p., illus.

Feitz, Leland. Platoro, Colorado: Mining Camp and Resort Town. Denver, CO: Golden Bell Press, 1969. 32 p., illus. map.

Mead, Frances Harvey. The Canyon...The River...The Villages and the People of Conejos Country. Colorado Springs, CO: Century One Press, 1984. vii + 164p., photos. map, bibliography.

Rice, Margie and Bill, eds. Looking into the Past. compilation of articles from The Antonito Ledger, 1892-1922; The Ledger-News, 1922-1981; Conejos County News, 1927; The Antonitan, 1927-1929, and The Announcer. Antonito, CO: The Antonito Print Shop (printers), 1986. 82p., photos.

Stoller, Marianne L. and Thomas J. Steele S.J. Translated by Jose B. Fernandez. Diary of the Jesuit Residence of Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish, Conejos, Colorado, December 1871-December 1875. Colorado Springs, CO: The Colorado College Studies, Number Nineteen, The Colorado College, 1982. xlvi + 227p., illus. Map, Appendix, Bibliography, index.

Valdéz de Pong, Dolores, Olibama Salazar de Valdéz. Life in Los Sauces. Monte Vista, CO: Adobe Village Press, 2005. Photos, drawings, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography, index. xiv + 274 pages.

Costilla County

CREDIT: SAN LUIS INSTITUTE OF THE ARTS AND CRAFTS, SAN LUIS, COSTILLA COUNTY, COLORADO. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY NIELSEN LIBRARY, ADAMS STATE COLLEGE

Bean, Luther Elmo, and Colorado State University, Dept. of Rural Education, "An Educational Survey of Costilla County, Colorado, with a Historical Introduction." Thesis (M S ), Colorado State Agricultural College, 1927. Available Online: http://digitool.library.colostate.edu///exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/2.... Accessed July 1, 2010)

Carson, Phil. Fort Garland Museum: A Capsule Guide. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2005. 64 p., photos. maps. drawings.7 x 7 spiral bound.

Forest, James T. Old Fort Garland. Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1954. 36 p., photos. drawings. map.

Hall, Elizabeth A. Sand Stories: Recollections of Life Around the Great Sand Dunes. CO: Friends of the Dunes, 2004. 35 p., photos.

Mondragón-Valdéz, María. The Culebra River Villages of Costilla County Colorado: Multiple Property Submission. Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society State Historic Preservation Office, 2000. illus. photos. maps. bibliography. 67p.,

Tanaka, Roy T. Tale of Culebra Village. NY: Carlton Press, 1967. 79p.

Huerfano County

Albright, Zella Rae. One Man’s Family: The Life of Hiram Vasquez. 1984 Zella Rae Albright. 324 p., illus, photos, map, notes, bibliography, index.

Delaney, Howard. All Our Yesterdays: The Story of St. Mary Parish, Walsenburg, Colorado. Anniston, Ala. Consolidated Publishing, 1944. Paperback.

Maes, Arthur F. Following in the Footsteps of our Ancestors from Santa Fe to Maes Creek. Colorado Springs, CO, Earth Design Systems, Inc., 1995. 157 pg.

Nardine, Henry. In the Shadows of the Spanish Peaks: A History of the Spanish Peak. H. Nardine, 1987. 141 pg.

Rasmussen, Stephen. The Rio Grande's La Veta Pass Route: Gateway to the San Luis Valley. Burlington, VT: Evergreen Press, 2000. xii + 290p. index. photos. drawings. charts. maps. endpaper maps.

Sanchez, Virginia. Forgotten Cuchareños of the Lower Valley. SC: Charleston, The History Press, 2011. 167 p. index. bibliography. endnotes. photos. drawings. maps.

Las Animas County

Fernández, José Emilio. The Biography of Casimiro Barela. Translated, Annotated and Intro. by A. Gabriel Melendez. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003. liv + 298p., illus. photos. appendices. chronology. letters. bibliography. Available Online at
www.books.google.com.

Lavender, David. Bent’s Fort. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1954. Map. Notes. Bibliography. Index. 479 pg.

Rio Grande

Riggenbach, Emma M. A Bridge to Yesterday: An Early History of Monte Vista, Colorado. Monte Vista, CO: High Valley Press, 1982. 362p. photos. maps. index.

Van Horn, Beverly O'Rourke. Early History of Mineral and Rio Grande counties, Colorado: 1880 to 1980. Creede, CO: Beverly O'Rourke Van Horn, 2000. 160p. photos. drawings.

Saguache

White, Frank Amadeo. La Garita: Growing up in and about the San Luis Valley. La Jara, CO: Frank Amadeo White, 2007. 68p. illus. Available from: Saguache County Museum and the La Garita Trading Post.

Children's Books

Atencio, Paulette, and Rubén Cobos. Cuentos from My Childhood : Legends and Folktales of Northern New Mexico : A Bilingual Edition. Bilingual ed. Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1991. xiv, 159 p. bilingual.

Bragg, Bea, and Antonio Castro. The Very First Thanksgiving : Pioneers on the Rio Grande. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Pub., 1997. 57p., illus., ages 7-11.

La Farge, Oliver, and Karl Larsson. The Mother Ditch = La Acequia Madre. English/Spanish ed. Santa Fe, N.M.: Sunstone Press, 1983. 62 p., bilingual, illus., bibliography.

López, L. M., Harold Ellithorpe, and Charles Mendoza. Colorado Latin American Personalities. Denver A.M. Printing Co. ;1959. Biographies for children. 76 p., illus.

Romero-Anderson, Emerita. Grandpa’s Tarima. Cultural fiction. Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill Education, 2001.

Romero-Anderson, Emerita. Milagro and the Spanish Bean Pot. Historical fiction. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 2011.

Vigil, Angel. The Corn Woman: Stories and Legends of the Hispanic Southwest. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1994. Xxxi + 234 p. bibliography. Glossary of Spanish words. Photos. Drawings.

Manuscript Collections

History Colorado, Denver Colorado.

Stephen H. Hart Library at History Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Online Catalog: http://www.coloradohistory.org/chs_library/catalog.htm. Accessed February 9, 2011.

The Upper Rio Grande Legacy collection. #MSS 1831

Colorado State University of Pueblo. University Archives & Special Collections.

http://library.colostate-pueblo.edu/about/departments/archives/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

The David Marquez Papers: “The Chicano Wars, The Advent of the Chicano Movement in Pueblo, Colorado”.

The Jose Esteban Ortega Papers: “This collection contains photographs, a vintage collection of community newspapers and other publications documenting the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and '70s from throughout the state of Colorado, rare books on Chicano history, as well as silk-screened banners and t-shirts emblazoned with the Movement's slogans and artwork”.

The Ruben Archuleta Collection: This collection has an emphasis on the penitentes and their religious rituals.

The Trujillo collection: “This collection includes the Juan Federico “Freddie Freak” Miguel Arguello Trujillo Chicano Movement Collection with audio, visual, and printed material related to the Mexicano peoples’ struggle against racism and discrimination in Colorado.

The Jose Esteban Ortega Papers: contains photographs, a vintage collection of community newspapers and other publications documenting the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 70s from throughout the state of Colorado, rare books on Chicano history, 30 silk-screened banners and t- shirts emblazoned with the Movement’s slogans and artwork.”

The Voices of Protest: This is an oral history project, that highlights the contributions of Latino/a’s during armed conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries.

University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

Documentary Relations of the Southwest (DRSW). http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/oer/ Accessed February 9, 2011.

“DRSW provides the research tools and finding aids to the written record that began with the arrival of the Spanish explorers in the 1530’s. 1,500 microfilm reels of documents, many of them collected by the Jesuit historical Institute includes the diaries of explorers and reports of missionaries and soldiers”.

New Mexico State Archives: Heritage. http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/archives/gencat_cover.htm. Accessed February 9, 2011.

Center for Southwest Research, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Paul Kutsche papers from the Cañones ethnographic field research project, 1988-1996. MSS 737 CD, University Libraries,

“This collection consists primarily of ethnographic data collected in Cañones, New Mexico in the mid-late 1960s. The fieldwork resulted in the several publications, including Survival of Spanish American Villages by Kutsche (1979), Cañones: Values, Crisis, and Survival in a Northern New Mexico Village by Paul Kutsche and John Van Ness (1981), and Hispanos in Northern New Mexico by Van Ness (1991).”

Media and Internet

Audio Oral Histories

Colorado College Archives Oral History Project. Colorado Springs, CO: Colorado College, 1976. Sound recordings.

Latino Vets Oral History Project. Colorado State University Pueblo. University Archives & Special Collections. http://library.colostate-pueblo.edu/about/departments/archives/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

DVDs and Video Recordings

Autobee, George, Voices of Protest: Chicano Veterans and el Movimento. Available from: Colorado Chicano Movement Archives. (719) 549-2475. llibrary.colostatepueblo.edu/about/departments/archives. Accessed February 9, 2011.

"¿De Dónde Eres?" "Where Are You From?": Cultural Origins of the Latino/Hispanic Experience in Southern Colorado. Pikes Peak Library District (710) 531-6333 x 2256. Pikes Peak Library District: P.O. Box 1579, 2009. Free Download at: tinyurl.com/yl2xyva.

Chispa Productions. La Tierra Last stand in Costilla County. 1981. The story of the people of Costilla County in southern Colorado and their struggle to maintain their identity as well as the rights to their land in the Sangre de Christo land grant dispute, 1981. Available from: Auraria Library, Denver, Colorado.

Havey, Jim and Jean Sharer. The Five State of Colorado. Colorado Endowment for the Humanities, 2004. Video recording.

Hispanos en el Valle, Denver, Colorado, Council for Public Television, Channel 6, Inc. 1996. Video recording.

La Cultura de San Luis. Denver, CO, Council for Public Television, Channel 6, Inc. 1996. Video recording.

Rio Grande Valley Series. Los Kokos y Las Kokonas Abuelos and Their Role. Storytelling as an oral history tradition is demonstrated, especially disciplinary stories for children which are peopled by ghosts, monsters and devils. Traditional costumes for characters in the tales are shown. Available from: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.

La Raza de Colorado. Denver, CO, Rocky Mountain PBS, Colorado Historical Society, Denver Public Library Western History Collection, 2 part. Available from: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.
Part I: "Explores history and heritage of Colorado’s Latino culture from the 1500s to the 1940s."
Part II: "Features rare film footage and interviews with the people who lived this fascinating history."

Memorias de Last Tres Colonias (Memories of the Three Colonies). Poudre Landmarks Foundation: Seriums, 2008. Available from: Museo de las Tres Colonias, Fort Collins, Colorado. (970) 221-0533.

Mi Gente (My People). The Fort Collins experience / written and produced by Michael Gitter. Fort Collins City Cable, Fort Collins, CO, 2009. Available from: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.

Rosales, Francisco A. Testimonio : A Documentary History of the Mexican American Struggle for Civil Rights. The Hispanic Civil Rights Series. Houston, Tex.: Arte Público Press, 2000. Video recording. Available from: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.

Salvaje y Libre (Wild and Free). Illustrated the value of a collection of 500 online images that document local Hispanic history for past, present, and future generations. Daniel Salazar and Center for Colorado and the West. Available Online: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu/?q=node/137.

In Search of Displaced Aurarians. In Search of Displaced Aurarians illustrates the scholarship benefit for former residents of Denver's Auraria neighborhood. Since the community was 32 relocated in the 1970’s to build the Auraria Higher Education Center in Denver, Colorado, Displaced Aurarians and their descendants have received scholarships to attend the three institutions on the Auraria Campus – the University of Colorado Denver, Metropolitan State College of Denver, and the Community College of Denver. Available Online: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu/?q=node/139

Westside Friends. Westside Friends is a retelling, using music and still photographs, of the history of Denver's Auraria neighborhood, relocated through urban renewal in the 1970s for construction of the tri-institutional Auraria Higher Education Center. The video features a musical performance by award winning Chicano theatre musicians at El Centro Su Teatro in Denver, Colorado. Available Online: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu/?q=node/138.

Websites

Center for Land Grant Studies. (Devoted to research, education and distribution of books about the Southwest). www.southwestbooks.org/index.htm Accessed May 27, 2010.

Center for Coloardo & The West at Auraria Library. (Advances understanding of Rocky Mountain history by “Preserving History and Creating Knowledge”). coloradowest.auraria.edu Accessed May 27, 2010.

Colorado Hispanic Newspaper List. http://www.allyoucanread.com/colorado-hispanicnewspapers/. Accessed February 9, 2011

Colorado Legislative Council – Legislator Biographies – search by Spanish surname - www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CGA-LegislativeCouncil/CLC/1200536136308 Accessed January 10, 2010.

The Culebra River Villages of Costilla County Colorado, Multiple Property Submission for National Register of Historic Places. www.coloradohistory-oahp.org/publications/pubs/614.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2010.

Estate Speculation, Lawyers, and Los Pobladores: Labyrinth of Land Loss on the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant. www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php Accessed July 6, 2010.

Fort Collins History Connection: Mexican American Cultural History. history.fcgov.com/archive/ethnic/Mexican.php Accessed June 5, 2010.

Genealogy, Colorado Society of Hispanic. "Colorado Society of Hispanic Genealogy." www.hispanicgen.org Accessed December 6, 2009.

Huerfano County Oral History Project, 1979, Colorado Humanities www.kmitch.com/Huerfano/oralhist.html Accessed July 5, 2010.

La Herencia: The Heritage & History That is New Mexico. Online Journal. http://www.santafenewmexican.com/laherencia/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

New Mexico Genealogical Society. http://www.nmgs.org/index.htm. Accessed February 9, 2011.

Olibama López Tushar: Hispanic Legacy Research Center (OLTHLRC). http://www.hispaniclegacy.org/home. Accessed February 9, 2011.

PBS Teacher Line: US-Mexican War, 1846-1848, www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/index_flash.html Accessed January 10, 2010.

Project, El Alma de la Raza. "Spanish Settlement and Hispanic History of Denver and Colorado."almaproject.dpsk12.org/units/pdfs/SpanishSettlement.pdf. December 6, 2009.

Readings, Santos from New Mexico Suggested. www.si.edu/mci/downloads/bibliographies/santos_from_new_mexico.pdf Accessed December 6, 2009.

Scholastic, Inc. Teacher.Scholastic.Com/Activities/Hispanic/Index.Htm. Accessed December 6, 2009.

Southern Colorado Ethnic Heritage & Diversity Archives. http://library.colostatepueblo.
edu/about/departments/archives/scehada.html. Accessed February 9, 2011

Spanish-Mexican land grants. www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/mlg/mlg.html. Accessed July 6, 2010.

Search, Hispanic Surname. "Hispanic Surname Search." www.hispanicgen.org/surnames.html Accessed December 6, 2009.

Towns of Costilla County, Colorado, www.rotsweb.com/cocostil/towns.htm. Accessed January 10, 2010.

Newspapers

El Hispano. Denver, Colorado. Weekly Hispanic community newspaper in Spanish. http://www.elhispanonewspaper.com/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

El Pueblo Catolico. Denver, Colorado. Spanish news from the Archdiocese of Denver. Spanish. Online: http://www.archden.org/index.cfm/ID/5258. Accessed February 9, 2011.

El Semanario. Denver, Colorado. “News for Colorado’s Latino Community”. Weekly. English. Print / Online: http://www.elsemanario.net/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

Hispania News. Colorado Springs, Colorado. “The Hispanic Community’s Newspaper”. Established 1987. Weekly. English / Spanish. Print / Online: http://www.hispanianews.com/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

La Sierra. 401 West Church Place, San Luis, Colorado, 81152. (719) 672-3356. Weekly. English. Print.

La Voz Nueva. Denver, Colorado. Established 1974. Weekly. English / Spanish . Print / Online: http://www.lavozcolorado.com/. Accessed February 9, 2011.

Viva Colorado, publication of The Denver Post. Online: http://www.vivacolorado.com. Accessed August 2, 2011.

MARCH 25, 2006 ILLEGAL ALIEN RALLY AT CIVIC PARK DENVER, COLORADO

CREDIT: MARCH 25, 2006 ILLEGAL ALIEN RALLY AT CIVIC PARK DENVER, COLORADO DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION. PHOTOGRAPHER: SHANNON GARCIA.

Museums and Historic Sites

Arkansas Valley

BENT’S OLD FORT NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

35110 Hwy. 194, northeast of La Junta, Colorado. National Historic Landmark 12/19/1960, National Register 10/15/1966, Additional documentation 7/5/1985, 5OT.149

This site northeast of La Junta once contained Bent’s Old Fort, an important trading post near the Arkansas River along the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail. Constructed around 1833 by brothers Charles and William Bent and partner Ceran St. Vrain, the fort sat on the Arkansas River, then the border between the United States and newly independent Mexico. The fort became the hub where Hispano, French, U. S citizens and various Plains Indian tribes, notably the Cheyenne, Kiowa, Arapaho, interacted. The reconstructed adobe fort on the historic site dates to the mid-1970s. (719) 383-5010.

Bent's Old Fort

CREDIT: STAGECOACH AT BENTS FORT. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY COLLECTION.

BACA HOUSE / TRINIDAD HISTORY MUSEUM

300 E. Main Street, Trinidad, Colorado. National Register 2/26/1970, 5LA.1630

Built in 1870, the interior of this adobe house blends Hispanic folk art with Victorian furnishings. History Colorado now operates the Baca House as part of the Trinidad History Museum. (719) 846-7217.

Colorado Springs

COLORADO SPRINGS FINE ARTS CENTER (Educational Tours)

30 West Dale Street: Colorado Springs, Colorado.

History is alive at the CSFAC. Students will remember this interactive history lesson as they experience the diverse cultures and arts of Southwest and Hispanic peoples through a docent-guided gallery tour, a hands-on look at American Indian and Hispanic artifacts, and a “make it and take it” art project. Focus may be on early Colorado Indians, Plains Indians, the Pueblo Peoples, or Hispanic Heritage. Two hours.” http://www.csfineartscenter.org/tours.asp. Accessed December 6, 2009.

TAYLOR MUSEUM OF THE COLORADO SPRINGS FINE ARTS CENTER

Committed to educating the public about the breadth of artistic expressions in the Americas through the presentation of a world renowned permanent collection, dynamic exhibitions from around the world, and related cultural and innovative programs. http://www.csfineartscenter.org/taylormuseum.asp, Accessed March 9, 2011.

Denver Area

AURARIA 9TH STREET HISTORIC DISTRICT

9th between Curtis & Champa, National Register 3/26/1973, 5DV.102

This surviving block of Victorian era residences typifies a middle class Denver residential neighborhood spanning the years from 1873 to 1905. Located adjacent to the central business district, on an urban campus shared by the University of Colorado at Denver, Metropolitan State College of Denver, and Community College of Denver, the residences within the district are among Denver’s oldest. During the 1970s, a grassroots preservation effort saved the block from demolition and led to the rehabilitation of the buildings for use as campus offices. This historic district includes Casa Mayan, one of the first Mexican restaurants in Denver to welcome gringos. It has been restored as a conference center and mini-museum celebrating the Gonzales Family who lived there while turning it Into the popular restaurant know for Hispanic music and dance as well as Mexican food. Another Hispanic landmark in the Ninth Street Park Historic District is St. Cajetan's Church. With the adjacent school, rectory, convent, health clinic and credit union this parish was a hub of Hispanic life until the congregation was forced to move out. In the early 1970s when the area was urban renewed to construct the Auraria Higher Education Center campus. The church has been restored as an events center.

Bobby Herrera in 1948 at 10th and Lawrence. This neighborhood later became the Auraria 9th Street Historic District. Photo Credit: CC&W Latino Legacy 500 Collection. Photo Contributor: Gloria Rodriquez

CREDIT: BOBBY HERRERA IN 1948 AT 10TH AND LAWRENCE. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY GLORIA RODRIQUEZ.

AURARIA CASA MAYAN HERITAGE

This organization aspires through tours, research and cultural events to increase community awareness of Auraria’s rich cultural heritage and the contributions that were made by the area’s early Latino population, as well as, other ethnic groups that resided and contributed to this community. http://acmh.cfsites.org/index.php

CHAC

(Chicano Humanity and Arts Council) 772 Santa Fe Drive, Denver, Colorado. This nonprofit organization encourages and facilitates the development of Chicano/Latino cultural expression through the arts. (303) 571-0440. http://chacweb.org.

CREDIT: FOUNDING MEMBERS OF CHICANO HUMANITIES AND ARTS COUNCIL (CHAC) 2009 C. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION. PHOTOGRAPHER: SHANNON GARCIA.

COLORADO SOCIETY FOR HISPANIC GENEALOGY

http://www.hispanicgen.org.

CONSULADO GENERAL DE MEXICO

Denver. Suite 100, 350 Leetsdale Driver, Denver, Colorado 80246. http://portal.sre.gob.mx/denver/ Accessed February 9, 2011.

DENVER’S CINCO DE MAYO CELEBRATION

Cinco de Mayo is celebrated each year in Denver, Colorado around the weekend of May 5th. Traditionally, the event is a celebration of freedom and culture that has become Colorado's largest ethnic festival.

DENVER’S CINCO DE MAYO CELEBRATION

CREDIT: DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION. PHOTOGRAPHER: SHANNON GARCIA.

DENVER HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

(303) 534-7783. 924 W. Colfax Ave, Suite 201, Denver, Colorado. http://www.dhcc.com.

EL CENTRO SU TEATRO

This organization is dedicated to the development, preservation and promotion of Chicano/Latino history and culture through theater. (303) 296-0219. 721 Santa Fe Drive, Denver, Coloardo 80204. http://www.suteatro.org.

HISPANIC HERITAGE CENTER

924 W. Colfax Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 2009. (303) 573-4935.

LATINA CHAMBER

7505 E. 35th Ave., Suite 302, Denver, Colorado 80238.

LATINO ARTS & CULTURE

http://www.denvergov.org/culturalitineraries/LatinoArtsCulture/tabid/427... Accessed December 4, 2009.

LATINO MARKET

3770 Astrozon Blvd.: Denver, Colorado.

MEXICAN CULTURAL CENTER DENVER

Promotes and maintains the richness of the Mexican culture in the State of Colorado. http://www.mccdenver.org/ Accessed February 9, 2011.

FATHER JOSA LARA WEARING UNITED FARM WORKERS EMBLEM

CREDIT: FATHER JOSA LARA WEARING UNITED FARM WORKERS EMBLEM ON HIS VESTMENTS. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY MIKE WILZOCK.

MUSEO DE LAS AMERICAS

861 Santa Fe Drive, Denver, Colorado. This nonprofit works to foster understanding and appreciation for the achievements of the Latino people of the Americas by collecting. Preserving, and interpreting the diverse cultures inhabiting this region from ancient time to the present. (303) 571-4401.

OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE CATHOLIC CHURCH

3555 Kalamath St., Denver, Colorado 80211

THORNTON SPANISH SCHOOL

http://www.thorntonspanishschool.com.

Northern Colorado

FORT VÁSQUEZ

13412 U.S. Highway 85, Platteville, Colorado. Site of an 1835 fur-trading fort founder by Louis Vásquez and Andrew Sublette in 1835. (970) 785-2832.

MUSEO DE LAS TRES COLONIAS

425 10th St., Fort Collins, Colorado 80524. This museum conveys, through use of oral histories, the story of early twentiety-century Hispanic pioneers who carved out a rich life in the Fort Collins area while working in the sugar-beet industry. 970-221-0533. http://www.poudrelandmarks.com/plf_museo.shtml . Accessed March 8, 2011.

Pueblo

EL PUEBLO

301 N. Union Avenue, Pueblo, Colorado. National Register 2/16/1996, 5PE.303
El Pueblo, occupied from 1842 to 1854, is important for its association with the exploration and settlement of what became Colorado and the larger Rocky Mountain West; for its association with commerce and trade, both in the local area and as part of a regional trail system; and for its association with the social history of the upper Arkansas River, a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multi-national population. The museum opened in 2001 in the center of a National Historic District. (719) 583-0453.

San Luis Valley

FORT GARLAND

29477 Hwy. 159, Fort Garland, Colorado, 81133. South of US 160, National Register 2/26/1970, Boundary Increase: State Register 12/11/1996, 5CT.46
Fort Garland is important for its association with the settlement of the San Luis Valley and southern Colorado. Built in 1858, the fort served as a base of military operations until it was abandoned in 1883. Company G of the Ninth Cavalry, a unit of Buffalo Soldiers, operated out of the fort from spring 1876 until September 1879. The Buffalo Soldiers were African American troopers nicknamed by Southern Plains Indians who perceived similarities between the soldiers’ curly black hair and the matted fur between the horns of the buffalo. In 1876, troops marched to the La Plata region to prevent conflict between Ute Indians and white prospectors. The oldest military fort in Colorado, it was converted to a museum operated by History Colorado. (719) 379-3512. http://www.coloradohistory.org/hist_sites/ft_garland/ft_garland.htm.

Freight wagons are loaded with sacks of wool at Fort Garland 1900c. Photo Credit: CC&W Latino Legacy 500 Collection. Photo Contributor: Frank Gallegos

CREDIT: FREIGHT WAGONS ARE LOADED WITH SACKS OF WOOL AT FORT GARLAND 1900C. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY FRANK GALLEGOS.

LA CAPILLA DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

Lasauses: County Rd. 28 State Register 12/10/1997, 5CN.477
This adobe chapel completed in 1928 incorporates a wall of the original 1880 church. The building reflects the importance of churches as centers and symbols of southern Colorado Hispanic communities. It is the only remaining public/community building representing the depopulated village of Lasauses.

LUTHER BEAN MUSEUM. ADAMS STATE COLLEGE

Richardson Hall, Rm 256, 208 Edgemont Blvd., Alamosa, Co 81102. Mission to “preserve, enhance, and promote the study of the diverse culture and history of the San Luis Valley”.

PLAZA DE SAN LUIS DE LA CULEBRA HISTORIC DISTRICT

CO Hwy. 159 National Register 12/22/1978, 5CT.47
Established in 1851, San Luis is the oldest continuously inhabited town in Colorado. The district contains an important collection of buildings that includes the county courthouse, the convent and Church of Most Precious Blood, numerous residences, and the town’s commercial core. The district also includes the Vega, a common ground for animal grazing, and the San Luis People’s Ditch. Listed under Culebra River Villages of Costilla County Multiple Property Submission.

SAN LUIS MUSEUM AND CULTURAL CENTER

401 Church Place, San Luis, Colorado 81152
The Museum features murals and works of art from its own collection and on loan from various artists and collectors, many of whom are local residents. The Gift Shop offers paintings and other art objects by various local artists. The north wing of the complex houses the Carlos Beaubien Theatre, which shows movies on summer weekends and in the past has been used to host the Santa Ana / Santiago Queen Pageant. The theatre has also been the setting of several stage performances, presentations, and concerts. Because much of the original decor has been maintained throughout the building, the original vigas and fireplace still grace the theatre. (719) 672-3611.

SPMDTU CONCILIO SUPERIOR

603 Main St., Antonito, Colorado. National Register 3/29/2001, 5CN.817
As the headquarters for La Sociedad Proteccion Mutua de Trabajadores Unidos since 1925, the building represents an important aspect of Hispano history. Originally created to combat racism against Hispanos in the San Luis Valley, this fraternal organization later expanded to provide mutual aid, thereby playing an important role in the overall social history of Colorado. Construction of this building popularized the use of steel trusses, introduced changes in massing, and promoted hybridized Southwest vernacular designs subsequently utilized in other Hispano enclaves.

Photo Credit: CC&W Latino Legacy 500 Collection Photographer: Daniel Salazar, Denver, Colorado

CREDIT: SPMDTU BUILDING, ANTONITO, COLORADO. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION. PHOTOGRAPHER DANIEL SALAZAR, DENVER, COLORADO.

TRUJILLO HOMESTEAD

Four miles north of 6N Lane, Mosca vicinity, National Register 2/4/2004, 5AL.706

The Trujillo Homestead is an important part of Hispanic settlement in the San Luis Valley in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Pedro Trujillo, a first generation Hispanic-American, established the property in 1879. The homestead is representative of small-scale pioneer cattle enterprises which typified the first ranches established in the area. The homestead is also associated with the pattern of violence and intimidation experienced by early Hispanic ranchers as large Anglo-American cattle operations expanded and consolidated their holdings. The two-story log ranch house represents a rare resource type in the San Luis Valley and in the state as a whole. The fact that a Hispanic-American settler on an isolated ranch erected the two-story log house instead of building a traditional adobe dwelling typical of the first era of construction in the vicinity adds to the building’s significance.

Photo Credit: Thomas E Simmons, Front Range Research Associates, Denver Courtesy of Colorado Historical Society

CREDIT: COLORADO HISTORICAL SOCIETY BY THOMAS E SIMMONS, FRONT RANGE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, DENVER

SOCIEDAD DE NUESTRO PADRE JESUS NAZARENO

(San Francisco Morada), San Francisco, State Register 3/8/2000, 5CT.200

This circa 1908 building represents an important aspect of Hispano history in southern Colorado. The building reflects the limited religious and governmental support in poor rural areas of predominately Hispanic populations and the aid societies that formed as a result. Los Hermanos Penitentes (a lay religious, fraternal organization) constructed and used the building as a chapel and meeting hall. The organization also served as a cultural force, preserving language, lore, customs, and faith within the isolated communities. The elongated adobe building was constructed following the traditional linear plan of northern New Mexico. Restoration shown in the photo is now complete.

Photo Credit: CC&W Latino Legacy 500 Collection. Photographer: Dana EchoHawk, 2006

CREDIT: MORADA, SOUTHERN COLORADO. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION. PHOTOGRAPHER: DANA ECHOHAWK, 2006.

Where to Find Resources

WHERE TO FIND SPECIFIC HISPANIC COLORADO RESOURCES:HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHSAuraria Library Photo Collection at Denver Public Library: http://digital.denverlibrary.org/. (see Auraria Library listing in right column).The collection includes 600 historic photographs that depict the Hispanic Experience in Colorado history.Center for Colorado and the West at Auraria Library: http://coloradowest.auraria.eduCREDIT: ANDY AND ANGELA TRUJILLO IN FORT COLLINS. DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY AURARIA COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTED BY NORA TRUJILLO CASTELLANOS / FORT COLLINS LOCAL HISTORY ARCHIVE.CURRICULUMYale-New Haven Teachers Institute: Understanding Hispanic/Latino Culture and History Through Children's Literature. Author: Jean Sutherland. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/2/97.02.06.x.html. Accessed December 6, 2009.Hispanic Folk Arts & the Environment: A New Mexican Perspective curriculum guide. Goal: To recognize the influences of the natural environment on the folklife and folk arts of the Río Grande region http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/folk_arts/about/overview.htm. Accessed November 18, 2009.Spanish Settlement and Hispanic History of Denver and Colorado. El Alma de la Raza Project. In Partnership with the Denver Public Schools and the Metropolitan State College of Denver. http://almaproject.dpsk12.org/units/pdfs/SpanishSettlement.pdf. Accessed December 6, 2009.Spanish Exploration of Colorado. Goal 2000 Partnership for Educating Colorado Students. El Alma de la Raza Project. In Partnership with the Denver Public Schools and the Metropolitan State College of Denver. http://www.dpsk12.org/programs/almaproject/pdf/SpanExpofColo.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2010.

Appendix A

HISPANIC LEGISLATORS IN THE COLORADO STATE LEGISLATURE

Dates Served	Body CCC=Colorado Constitutional Convention H-House S-Senate TC-Territorial Council TH-Territorial House	Name	Place & Date of Birth	Party	District Represented
1861-1864 1866-1867	TH TH	Barela, Jesus Maria	1820	Democrat Democrat	Costilla County
1861-1864 1872-1874 1867-1868	TH TC TH	Garcia, Jose Victor	County of Taos, NM, 1832	Republican Republican Democrat	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1862-1864	TH	Martinez, Jose Rafael			Conejos County
1862-1864	TH	Gallegos, Jose Francisco	1830	Democrat	Costilla County
1864-1865	TH	Dominguez, Celestino			Conejos County
1864-1865 1868-1870	TH	Ortega, Jose Pablo	1817	Democrat Democrat	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1865-1866	TH	Martinez, Jose Gabriel	1825		Conejos County
1865-1866	TH	Lobato Pedro Antonio	1800	Union Ticket	Conejos County
1865-1866	TH	Aragon, Pedro	1820	Union Ticket	Conejos County
1866-1867	TH	Mondragon, M.S.			Conejos & Costilla Counties
1866-1872	TC	Velasquez, Jesus Maria	1817	Republican	Conejos County
1867-1868	TH	Vigil, Juan Miguel	1820	Republican	Costilla & Huerfano Counties
1867-1868	TH	Valdez, Seledonio	1805		Conejos & Costilla Counties
1867-1868 1879-1881	TH H	Lobato, Juan Bautista	1833	Republican	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1868-1869 1872-1873 1876	TH TC H	Suaso, Silverio	Abiquiu, NM, 1938	Republican Republican Republican	Conejos, Costilla & Huerfano Counties
1868-1870 1872-1874 1876	TC TH TH	Sanchez, Francisco	1830	Democrat Democrat Democrat	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1868-1870	TH	Suazo, Tomas		Republican	Huerfano County
1870-1872 1879-1883	TH S	Trujillo, Clemente	1833	Democrat Democrat	Conejos, Costilla, & Huerfano Counties
1870-1872	TH	Baca, Felipe	1829	Republican	Las Animas & Huerfano Counties
1870-1872	TH	Lucero, Manuel	1810	Republican	Conejos, Costilla & Saguache Counties
1871-1874 1875-1876	TC TH	Garcia, Jesus Maria	1842	Democrat Democrat	Las Animas County
1872-1874	TH	Trujillo, Pedro Rafael	1833	Republican	Costilla County
1872-1876	TH	Larrogoite, Mariano	Santa Fe, NM, 1847	Democrat	Las Animas County
1872-1874 1876-1915	TH S	Barela, Casimiro	Embudo, NM 1847	Democrat Democrat	Las Animas County
1872 1874	TH TH	Abeyta, Antonio Lorenzo	1835	Democrat Republican	Las Animas County
1872-1874	TH	Manzanarez, Juan Andres	1831	Democrat	Huerfano County
1872-1874	TH	Velasquez, Jose A.		Democrat	Conejos County
1874-1876	TH	Salazar, Manuel Sabino	1833		Conejos County
1874-1875	TC	Jacquez, Juan Bautista		Republican	Huerfano County
1874-1879	TH	Esquibel, Juan		Democrat	Conejos, Costilla, & Huerfano Counties
1874-1876 1892-1893	TH H	Valdez, Jose Antonio Jesus	Questa, NM, 1847	Republican	Huerfano County
1875-1876 1876	CCC H	Vigil, Agapito	Taos County, NM, 1833	Democrat Democrat	Huerfano & Las Animas Counties
1875	TH	Jaramillo, Nicanor D.	1845	Democrat	Las Animas County
1876	TH	Apodaca, Mauricio	Taos, NM, 1817	Democrat	Las Animas County
1876-1879	S	Chacon, Juan Francisco	NM, 1837	Republican	Conejos County
1876-1877	H	Chacon, Urbano	El Chanuzal, NM, 1851	Democrat	Las Animas County
1876	H	Gurule, Donaciano	1829	Democrat	Las Animas County
1876-1878	H	Esquibel, Jose Rafael	Emudo, NM 1830	Democrat	Huerfano County
1877-1879	H	Archuleta Antonio Donaciano	Taos, NM, 1855	Republican	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1877-1879	H	Chavez, Jose Tomas	Taos, NM, 1846	Democrat	Huerfano County
1879-1883	H	Martinez, Jose Benito		Democrat	Las Animas County
1879-1881	H	Martin y Valdez, Ramon			Huerfano County
1879-1883	S	Baca, Juan Antonio	San Luis, CO 1820		Costilla County
1879-1881 1887-1889	H H	Cordova, Jose Benito	Taos, NM, 1837	Democrat Democrat	Las Animas County
1879-1881	H	Maez, Jose Vicente	1834	Democrat	Huerfano County
1879-1881	H	Trujillo, Ramon		Republican	Costilla County
1881-1883	H	Valdez, J.C.		Democrat	Costilla County
1881-1883	H	Valdez, Jesus Maria			Costilla County
1881-1883	H	Martinez, Antonio Jose	1843	Democrat	Huerfano County
1881-1883	H	Cruz, Juan Benito	1849	Democrat	Las Animas County
1881-1883 1887-1889	H	Aguilar, Jose Ramon	1852	Democrat Democrat	Las Animas County
1881-1883	H	Garcia, Jose Amarante Alejandro	Conejos, CO 1858	Republican	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1881-1885 1895-1899	H H	Salazar Antonio Arcadio	Abiquiu, NM, 1848	Republican Republican	Costilla & Huerfano Counties
1883-1885	H	Abeyta, Jose Bivian	1854	Democrat	Las Animas County
1883-1885	H	Rivera, Tomas Aquino	1849	Republican	Huerfano County
1885-1887	H	Chacon, Pedro Cesario	1857	Democrat	Las Animas County
1887-1891 1897-1899	S H	Montez, Juan de Dios	Taos, NM, 1855	Republican Republican	Huerfano County
1889-1891	H	Valdez, Crescencio	1848	Democrat	Conejos County
1889-1891 1895-1897	H H	Vigil, Miguel Antonio	1850	Republican Republican	Huerfano County
1893-1895	H	Sanchez, Manuel A.	Santa Fe, NM, 1849	Republican	Costilla County
1893-1911 1915-1919	H H	Garcia, Celestino Jose	Conejos County, CO 1861	Democrat Republican	Conejos County
1899-1901	H	Sanchez, Jose Pablo	Arroyo Hondo, NM, 1852	Republican Republican	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1899-1901	H	Pino, Juan N.	Costilla County, CO 1860	Republican Republican	Huerfano County
1901-1905	H	Sanchez, Jose E.	Santa Fe, NM, 1860	Republican	Costilla County
1902 1903-1905 1932	H S S	Madrid, Jose Miguel	Mora County, NM, 1863	Republican Republican Republican	Las Animas County
1905-1907	H	Barela, Candido	1873	Republican	Las Animas County
1905-1909 1911-1915	H H	Valdez, Antonio “Tony” Domingo	Questa, NM, 1860	Republican Democrat	Costilla & Huerfano Counties
1909-1912	H	Amador, Isaac	Walsenberg, CO 1870	Republican	Las Animas County
1911-1914	H	Cantu, Jose Candido	Espanola, NM, 1865	Democrat	Conejos County
1915-1917	H	Gallegos, Jose Precentacion	1867	Republican	Conejos & Costilla Counties
1917-1919 1921-1923 1929-1933	H H H	Lucero, Andres	Mora County, NM, 1857	Democrat Democrat Democrat	Las Animas County
1923-1925	H	Romero, Carlos Eloy	1881	Democrat	Las Animas County
1923-1925	H	Salazar, Delfino		Democrat	Costilla County
1927-1929	H	Garcia, Reginaldo	Camero, CO 1888	Democrat	Conejos County
1927-1929	H	Gonzales, Pedro Antonio		Democrt	Costilla & Huerfano Counties
1929-1931	H	Santistevan, Jose Francisco	1878	Republican	Costilla & Huerfano Counties
1929-1933	S	Martinez, Jose Elisco	1899	Democrat	Las Animas County
1933-1939	H	Atencio, Herman JH.		Republican	Conejos County
1935-1937	H	Guerrero, Alejandro M.	1882	Democrat	Huerfano County
1936-1940	S	Noriega, Juan	Spain	Democrat	Las Animas County
1941-1943	H	Vigil, Daniel		Republican	Huerfano County
1943-1946	H	Lacombe, Frank		Democrat	Alamosa & Costilla Counties
1953-1955	H	Carrillo, Juan	1915	Democrat	Las Animas County
1955-1963	GH	Gallegos, Bert A.	Santa Fe, NM	Democrat	Denver County
1957-1959	H	Salaz, Orlando Michael	1905	Democrat	Las Animas County
1965-1967	H	Anaya, Frank		Democrat	Denver County
1965-1976	S	Cisneros, Roger	Questa, NM, 1924	Democrat	Denver County
1969-1971	H	Sanchez, Francisco “Paco”	Guadalajara, Mexico, 1915	Democrat	Denver County
1971-1985	H	Lucero, Leo	1928	Democrat	Pueblo County
1971-1979	H	Valdez Ruben A.	1937	Democrat	Denver County
1972-1975	H	Benavidez, Elizabeth Betty	1935	Democrat	Denver County
1974-1976 1978-1986	H S	Baca, Polly	La Salle, CO, 1941	Democrat Democrat	Adams County
1974-1985	H	Castro, Richard	Denver, CO, 1946	Democrat	Denver County
1975-1983	S	Sandoval, Paul J	1944	Democrat	Denver County
1977-1899	H	Deherrera, Laura M.	1946	Democrat	Denver County
1977-1991	H	Sandoval, Donal A.	1835	Democrat	Denver County
1979-1893	H	Chavez, George M	Dawson, NM, 1922	Democrat	Denver County
1981-1984 1985-2000	H S	Martinez, Robert	Holly, CO 1943	Democrat Democrat	Adams 7 Denver Couties
1983-1987 1987	H S	Trujillo, Sr., Larry E.	1933	Democrat Democrat	Las Animas, Otero, & Pueblo Counties Pueblo County
1983-1991	H	Hernandez, Philip Anthony	1840	Democrat	Denver County
1985-1998	H	Reeser, Jeannie G. Carrillo	1943	Democrat	Adams County
1985	H	Hernandez, Anthony Joseph	1851	Democrat	Denver County
1985-1995	H	Romero, Gilbert D.	1953	Democrat	Pueblo County
1987-1990	H	Trujillo, Juan Ignacio	1940	Democrat	Las Animas, Otero, & Pueblo
1989-1992	H	Deherrera, Guillermo A.	1950	Democrat	Adams County
1989-1990 1991-1995	H S	Mares, Donald J.	1957	Democrat Democrat	Denver County
1991	H	Hernandez Rob	1953	Democrat	Denver County
1991-1998	H	Salaz, Mike	1946	Republican	Huerfano, Las Animas, Otero, & Pueblo Counties
1992-1994	H	Benavidez, Celina Garcia	1954	Democrat	Denver County
1995-2002	H	Araujo-Mace, Frana	Denver, 1934	Democrat	Denver County
1999-2006	H	Coleman, Fran Natividad	Denver, 1945	Democrat	Denver County
1999-2006	H	Vigil, Valentin J.	Taos, NM, 1947	Democrat	Adams County
2001-2008	H	Carcia, Michael	1974	Democrat	Arapahoe County
2003-2004	H	Salazar, John T.	1952	Democrat	Alamosa, Huerfano, Saguache, Conejos & Costilla Counties
2003-2010	S	Sandoval, Paula E.	Chicago, IL, 1951	Democrat	Denver County
1996-2000	H	Leyba, Gloria		Democrat	Denver County
1999-2002 2003-2010	H S	Tapia, Able		Democrat	Pueblo County
1995-2002	H	Chavez, Nolbert	Alamosa, CO, 1967	Democrat	Denver County
2003-2008	H	Butcher, Dorothy	1943	Democrat	Pueblo County
2001-2003	H	Sanchez, Desiree	Denver, CO 1973	Democrat	Denver County

TABLE: COURTESY, VINCENT C. DE BACA

Appendix B

HISPANIC EXPERIENCE PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTION

Erinea Trujillo Vigil

Erinea Trujillo Vigil and her grandchildren in San Luis (Costilla County), Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Bertha Gallegos

Jerry Rodriquez and Jackie Torres

Jerry Rodriquez and Jackie Torres on 9th St. Denver.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Julia Torres-Vigil.

Jim (Skipper) Herrera at 12th Street, Auraria neighborhood

Jim (Skipper) Herrera at 12th Street, Auraria neighborhood, Denver, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Gloria Rodriguez.

Margaret Torres on 10th Street

Margaret Torres on 10th Street, Denver, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Magdalena Gallegos.

Young men on the steps of St. Cajetan

Young men on the steps of St. Cajetan's Catholic Church on 9th Street, Denver, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Magdalena Gallegos.

Railroad workers

Railroad workers.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Denise Lovato Duran.

Rivera School

Rivera School, Las Animas County, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Ed Cordova.

Maria Salome Cordova spinning wool

Maria Salome Cordova spinning wool.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Hope Yost Gallegos.

San Acacio Catholic Church

San Acacio Catholic Church, San Acacio, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, photographer Dana EchoHawk.

Capilla de Todos los Santos

Capilla de Todos los Santos, at the Shrine of the Stations of the Cross, San Luis, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, photographer Dana EchoHawk.

RandR Market

R & R Market - Romero's Market, one of Colorado's oldest business, Established 1857.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, photographer, Dana EchoHawk.

Mexican workers

Mexican workers recruited and brought to the Arkansas Valley.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Library of Congress.

Hermanos Penitentes

Hermanos Penitentes, Stations of the Cross, Southern Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, photographer Dana EchoHawk.

Miners

Miners Eloy Cruz and Leandro Vigil.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Gene A. Vigil.

LucilleCampa

Lucille Campa in Spanish dance costume.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Arthur L. Campa.

St. Cajetan Parish 1961 bazaar poster

St. Cajetan Parish 1961 bazaar poster.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Helen Ankele.

Cipriano Montoya and Crisanta Montoya

Cipriano Montoya and Crisanta Montoya, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Fort Collins Museum and Discovery Science Center.

Jose Eufemio Trujillo

Jose Eufemio Trujillo.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Fort Collins Museum and Discovery Science Center.

James Beauty Salon

Mr. James Beauty Salon, Denver, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by James A. Maestas.

Exhibition boxing match

Exhibition boxing match.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by James A. Maestas.

Political cartoon of Senator Casimiro Barela

Political cartoon of Senator Casimiro Barela.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Ed Cordova.

Costilla County courtroom, San Luis, Colorado

Costilla County courtroom, San Luis, Colorado.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Frank Gallegos.

State Senator Richard Castro

State Senator Richard Castro.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, photographer, Shannon Garcia

Chicano theater group

Chicano theater group.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, photographer Daniel Salazar.

Railroad workers

Railroad workers.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Denise Lovato Duran.

Juan de Jesus Paiz

Juan de Jesus Paiz.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Denise Lovato Duran.

Frances Miera Montez

Frances Miera Montez.
Denver Public Library Auraria Collection, contributed by Gloria Montez.

Authors

Dana EchoHawk with Vincent C. de Baca, PhD, Professor of History / Metropolitan State College, Denver; Virginia Sanchez, MSTC, Historian / Denver Colorado; Arthur Leon Campa, PhD, Associate Dean, Letters, Arts and Sciences and Professor of Anthropology / Metropolitan State College, Denver; Mary Somerville, PhD, Professor and University Librarian, University of Colorado Denver / Director, Auraria Library / Co-Director of the Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library; and Thomas J. Noel, Professor of History, Director of Public History, Preservation & Colorado Studies at University of Colorado Denver / Co-Director of The Center Center for Colorado & The West at Auraria Library

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Summary:

A Note on Terminology:

Author Bio:

General Info:

Timeline

Colorado Hispanic History Timeline

Overview

Colorado Hispanic/Latino Historical Overview

Publications

Spanish Exploration

Mexican Land Grants In What Becomes Colorado

Selected Hispanic Studies

Genealogy

Art and Architecture

San Luis Valley

Alamosa County

Conejos County

Costilla County

Huerfano County

Las Animas County

Rio Grande

Saguache

Children's Books

Manuscript Collections

Media and Internet

Audio Oral Histories

DVDs and Video Recordings

Websites

Newspapers

Museums and Historic Sites

Arkansas Valley

Colorado Springs

Denver Area

Northern Colorado

Pueblo

San Luis Valley

Where to Find Resources

Appendix A

HISPANIC LEGISLATORS IN THE COLORADO STATE LEGISLATURE

Appendix B

HISPANIC EXPERIENCE PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTION

Authors

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